julia's kitchen
Measurements, Substitutions, and Helpful Tips
The below is a collection of measurement conversions, substitutions, and any further helpful notes, such as how long certain foods can be stored. Whilst not an exhaustive list, it covers the basics, and I personally find that having this information at hand constantly is great. With different countries having their own ways of measuring things, having a handy table with all the conversions is quite helpful.
Grams to Ounces
Ounces
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
4 1/2
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
1lb
1lb 8oz
2lb
3lb
Grams
15
20
30
45
60
70
85
115
130
140
170
200
225
255
285
340
455
680
910
1kg 365g
Oven Temperature Conversions
Fahrenheit
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
Gas
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Celsius
140
150
170
180
190
200
220
230
240
Fan
120
130
150
160
170
180
200
210
220
Cup to Grams Conversions
1 cup
125
250
125
220
200
170
90
225
150
100
125
175
Ingredient
Flour
Sugar
Icing Sugar
Brown Sugar
Rice (raw)
Couscous (raw)
Oats (raw)
Butter
Nuts (chopped)
Nuts (ground)
Breadcrumbs (dry)
Sultanas/Raisins
3/4 cup
90
180
90
165
150
125
65​
165
120
75
90
135
2/3 cup
80
160
80
145
180
110
60
150
100
60
80
115
1/4 cup
30
60
30
55
50
40
25
55
40
25
30
45
1/3 cup
40
80
40
75
65
55
30
75
50
30
40
60
1/2 cup
60
12560
110
10085
45
110
75
50
60
85
Storage Times
Fridge
​
​
​
​
​
​
6 days
​
​
​
3-4 days
​
2 months
​
​
2-3 weeks
5 days
1 week
5 days
4-5 months
7 days
7 days
​
​
3-5 weeks
2-4 days
7 days
3-4 days
​
​
1-2 days
1-2 days
1-2 days
1-2 days
1-2 days
​
​
​
​
1-3 weeks
1-2 days
1 month
5 days
7 days
​
​
1-2 days
2-3 days
3-4 days
​
​
1-2 days
3-4 days
​
3-4 days
​
​
1-2 days
1-2 days
3-5 days
7-14 days
Product
Baked Goods
Unbaked bread
Baked, unfrosted cheesecake
Baked, unfrosted cake
​
Beverages
Juice
Fruit concentrates
​
Casseroles
Meat, fish, poultry
​
Condiments
​
Dairy
Hard cheese
Soft cheese
Butter
Cream
Margarine
Milk
Buttermilk, sour cream, yoghurt
​
Eggs
Fresh
Raw egg whites and yolks
Hard boiled
Egg dishes
​
Fish
Perch, mackerel, salmon
Breaded
Cod, flounder, haddock, sole
Shellfish, cooked
Shellfish, uncooked
​
Ice cream, sorbet
​
Fruit
Apples
Berries, peaches, pears, pineapple
Uncut limes
Cut limes
Melons
​
Meat
Ground beef, raw
Steaks or chops, raw
Cooked meat
​
Poultry
Chicken, raw
Chicken, cooked
​
Soups and stews
​
Vegetables
Fresh Asparagus, corn, beans
mushrooms, cabbage, tomatoes
Lettuce
Beets, cabbage, carrots, celery
Freezer
​
1 month
2-3 months
4-6 months
​
​
6 months
12 months
​
​
2-3 months
​
Do not freeze
​
​
4 months
Do not freeze
6-9 months
2 months
1 month
6 months
Do not freeze
​
​
Do not freeze
12 months
Do not freeze
12 months
​
​
2-3 months
3 months
6 months
3 months
3-6 months
​
2 months
​
​
Do not freeze
12 months
Do not freeze
Do not freeze
Do not freeze
​
​
2-3 months
4-6 months
3-4 months
​
​
3 months
4-6 months
​
2-3 months
​
​
1-2 years, sealed
1-2 years, sealed
Do not freeze
1-2 years, sealed
Ingredient Substitutions
Substituting ingredients will pretty much always lead to a slightly different recipe than intended. Some substitutions are quite basic - if you want to substitute milk to a non-dairy version, just substitute the same exact amount with your preferred milk, for instance.
​
Where there's no amount listed, it means the ingredient needs to be substituted in the same amount. So for instance, 1 cup of ricotta can be substituted for 1 cup of cottage cheese.
Ingredient
Baking Ingredients
Baking powder
Carob powder
Cocoa
Coconut cream
Coconut milk
Cornstarch
Cream of tartar
Self-raising flour
Molasses
Brown sugar
Vanilla bean
​
Dairy Products
Butter
Buttermilk
Goat cheese
Mascarpone
Ricotta
Creme fraiche
Sour cream
​
Eggs (for baking)
​
Fats, oils, vinegar
Shortening
Vinegar
​
Miscellaneous
Espresso
Honey
Cooking wine
Wine (for marinade)
Amount
​
1 tspn
1 tbspn
30gr
​
​
1 tbspn
1/2 tspn
125gr
1 cup
220gr
1
​
​
225gr
1 cup
​
​
​
1 cup
1 cup
​
1
​
​
1 cup
1 cup
​
​
1 tsp
1 cup
​
1/2 cup
Substitute
​
1/4 tspn baking soda + 1/2 tspn vinegar
1 tbspn cocoa powder
25gr semisweet chocolate, melted
Double cream
Milk
2 tbspn plain flour
1 1/2 tspn lemon juice
125gr plain flour + 1 1/2 tspn baking powder
1/2 cup honey
1 cup white sugar + 2 tbspn molasses
1 tspn pure vanilla extract
​
​
7/8 cup flavourless oil
1 cup milk + 1 tbspn lemon juice/vinegar
Feta cheese
Cream cheese
Cottage cheese
1/2 cup sour cream + 1/2 cup cream
1 cup plain yoghurt + 3 tbspn butter
​
1 tbspn chia seed + 3 tbspn water
​
​
240gr butter or margarine
Lemon juice
​
​
2 tspn instant coffee granules
310gr white sugar + 1/4 cup water
Apple juice
1/2 cup vinegar + 1/2 cup water